Philosophy

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

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  • Author：Immanuel Kant
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Summary

Published in 1785， Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written。 In Kant's own words， its aim is to identify and corroborate the supreme principle of morality， the categorical imperative。 He argues that human beings are ends in themselves， never to be used by anyone merely as a means， and that universal and unconditional obligations must be understood as an expression of the human capacity for autonomy and self-governance。 As such， they are laws of freedom。 This volume contains Mary Gregor's acclaimed translation of the work， sympathetically revised by Jens Timmermann， and an accessible， updated introduction by Christine Korsgaard。

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Reviews

Ejansand ，

It’s like climbing a mountain every time you read Kant， but the view from the summit is extraordinary- despite the fact it faces away from the sun。

Rhett Jones ，

I don't wholeheartedly agree with Kant， and I think he could have said all he had to say in this book using far fewer words。However， I think he is correct， given his starting point， of what an ethics of duty entails。 If ethics demands mathematical precision， instead of the flesh and blood of real human life， Kant is totally right。Fortunate for us， we are flesh and blood， not mere rational actors。 And it is precisely in our flesh and blood that our rationality can be and act well。 I don't wholeheartedly agree with Kant， and I think he could have said all he had to say in this book using far fewer words。However， I think he is correct， given his starting point， of what an ethics of duty entails。 If ethics demands mathematical precision， instead of the flesh and blood of real human life， Kant is totally right。Fortunate for us， we are flesh and blood， not mere rational actors。 And it is precisely in our flesh and blood that our rationality can be and act well。 。。。more

Gracie Spicer-Pilon ，

immanuel kant calling me stupid for 62 pages

Edvin ，

fick magsår i hjärnan av att läsa

Lexi ，

I love Kant， he is the only philosopher I’ve found that is 100% consistent no matter how messed up。 Gotta love an OCD historian （literally， I have OCD and I truly believe he did too）

Muhammad Taha ，

هل الأخلاق مُمكنه ؟ أَبتداءً :。 تُعرَف الميتافيزيقيا لدىٰ كانتْ المعرفة القبليّة بموضوعً ما عن طريق التَصورات العَقلية الخالصَة و تُقسَم الىٰ قسمينِ الميتافيزيقيا الطبيعيّة _ والَّتي تُركز مِن خلال المَعرِفة القبليَّة على ما هو كائن، و الميتافيزيقيا الأخلاقيّة التي تُعنى بما ينبغي أَنْ يَكُون。 و يتكوَّن الكِتاب من ثَلاث أَقسامٍ : ١- الأنتقال منَ المَعرِفة العَقليّة المُشتَركة بالأخلاق الىٰ المَعرِفة الفلسفيّة 。 *- الميتافيزيقيا الأخلاقيّة مثل المبادئ العَقليّة القَبليّة في الأَبستَملوجيا الكانطي هل الأخلاق مُمكنه ؟ أَبتداءً :。 تُعرَف الميتافيزيقيا لدىٰ كانتْ المعرفة القبليّة بموضوعً ما عن طريق التَصورات العَقلية الخالصَة و تُقسَم الىٰ قسمينِ الميتافيزيقيا الطبيعيّة _ والَّتي تُركز مِن خلال المَعرِفة القبليَّة على ما هو كائن، و الميتافيزيقيا الأخلاقيّة التي تُعنى بما ينبغي أَنْ يَكُون。 و يتكوَّن الكِتاب من ثَلاث أَقسامٍ : ١- الأنتقال منَ المَعرِفة العَقليّة المُشتَركة بالأخلاق الىٰ المَعرِفة الفلسفيّة 。 *- الميتافيزيقيا الأخلاقيّة مثل المبادئ العَقليّة القَبليّة في الأَبستَملوجيا الكانطيّة لا تُستَمد عَبر التَجرُبة بل هي شرطٌ لأمكان هذه التجربة كما لابُد أَن تكون يقينية وينطبق الأمر كذلك في الأخلاق لا تستمد من التجربة والعالم الخارجي بل تكون شرطا لها ‹‹ لأمكان تجربة أخلاقية سليمة ›› ولا من علم الأَنثربولوجيا « معناه علم النفس لدى كانط » ولا من العاداتْ والتقاليدْ المُتعارفه لأن هذه المَصادر من التفاوتْ والتَشتُتْ والتصيّر ما تمنع قيام ميتافيزيقيا أَخلاقيّة راسِخة او قاعده اخلاقية ذو سَمةً كُلية شاملة 。*- يرى أرسطو ان الأخلاق لابد أَن تتوافق مع التطبيق وتستمد منه تبعاً الى السعادة المُتَرتبه من السلوك الأخلاقي اي تستمد بعديًّا بينما يرى كانط ان الأخلاق تؤسس قبليًّا او بالأحرى موجوده وتُستَنبطْ وتُطبق بغض النظر عن الأثار المُترتّبه بل تكون قائمةً بِذَاتها مثل أي علمً موضوعي ٢- الأنتقالُ من الفَلسفة الأخلاقيّة الشعبيَة الىٰ ميتافيزيقيا الأخلاق。 *- في حَال أَن الأخلاق أُستمدت من أَحوال الناس وعاداتهمْ أَو الطَبيعة الإنسانيّة من وجهة نظر سايكولوجية «كما يرى لاروشفوكو ونيتشه» كانت ستفقدْ جميع الخَصائصْ الجوهريّة من كُليّة وشَموليّة ويقينيّة « كانت ستصبحْ مثل العلم والأخلاق في حقبة اليونان السُفسطائيّة „ اذ فَسد الخُلق خرِبَ العلمْ والعكس صحيح „ » حتىٰ أنا نُلاحظْ في مقولات لارشفوكو ونيتشه شعور بعدم الثقة بِطهارةْ الإنسان وَكرامتهُ والأَعتقاد بشريتهُ التامه （（ ليست فضائلنا سوى قناع لاهوائنا - لاروشفوكو ）） * العقل العمليْ هو الإرادة التي يجبُ ان تسلكَ سلوكاً ينسجمُ مع القانون الأخلاقي الكُلي الذي يستنبط قبليًّا من العقل المَحض والا سيصبح رغبةً او ميلاً او هوى وسلوك ذاتيًّا بعد ان كان موضوعيًّا。 وكذلك ينطبق الأمر علٰ المبادئ المُلزمه للأرادة وهي الأوامر والأمر والآمر。و تنقسمُ القواعِد و الأوامر والأمر والآمر والأراده الى ثلاث انواعأَ- القَوَاعِدْ والاوامر والسلوكيات « التكنيكيّة - الفنيّة » وهي مُفيده وخيره بوصفها وسيلةً وهي واضحة وبسيطة ومحدده والتي نمارسها ونلتزم بها ونُطبقها كَوسيلة للمنفعه。 ب- القَواعِدْ والأوامر والسُلوكيات بوصفها « نصائح الحَكمة » وهي الأكثر كليةً والزامً وغموض من الأولى والأقرب من الثالثة مثل حكم أَرسطو والرواقيون。 ج- والقَواعِدْ والأوامر والأَرادة « قوانين او أَوامر اخلاقية » وهي خيره بالمعنىٰ الأخلاقي وغير مشروطه وغاية في ذاتها، وهي الأجدر في ان تنعت بالكلية والالزامِ والشمول والتطبيق。 يقول كانتْ „ أَفْعَل فَقَط وَفْقًا لِلْقَاعِدَة الَّتِي مِنْ شَأْنِهَا أَنْ تَجْعَلُك تَقْدِرُ أَنْ تُرِيدَ فِي نَفْسِ الْوَقْتِ إنْ تَصِيرَ هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ قَانُونًا كُلِّيًّا “ 。* الإنسان شخصٌ وليس شيئاً لذا هو غاية في ذاتهُ وليس وسيلةً لغيرهِ٣- الأنتقال من ميتافيزيقيّا الأخلاق الى نقدْ العقل العَملي الخالصْ 。* الحُريّة شرطٌ للأخلاق فهي تعلو علىٰ مملكة عالم الظواهر وعليتهُ الفيزيائيّة فهي العلَّة التي تقوم عليها جميع الأعمال الأخلاقيّة في مملكة الكائنات العَاقِلة 。أَنتهاءً وبذلك الأخلاق مُمكنه 。 。。。more

Ron Wroblewski ，

I am giving it 4 stars due to the brilliance of Kant's conclusions， not of his reasoning。 I taught Philosophy for 12 years， yet I struggled to get through this book。 Much of his thought I not only did not understand but think it unnecessary。 Kant attempted to develop a moral theory based on reason alone， and not on any religious rule。 Yet it comes very close to the Golden Rule contained in many religions。 His 2 basic rules are:Do not perform any act that you would not make into a universal law， I am giving it 4 stars due to the brilliance of Kant's conclusions， not of his reasoning。 I taught Philosophy for 12 years， yet I struggled to get through this book。 Much of his thought I not only did not understand but think it unnecessary。 Kant attempted to develop a moral theory based on reason alone， and not on any religious rule。 Yet it comes very close to the Golden Rule contained in many religions。 His 2 basic rules are:Do not perform any act that you would not make into a universal law， which would permit anyone else to do what you are about to do。Treat no human being as a means to an end but treat them as an end in itself。 。。。more

Emily ，

i got this book for $1 in a used book sale from history grad students at my school so yeah I'll probably understand 0% of it tho i got this book for $1 in a used book sale from history grad students at my school so yeah I'll probably understand 0% of it tho 。。。more

Marc Schaeffer ，

Never have I read a book that was so close to the truth while yet so far。 Some obstinate will in kant keeps him from seeing the truth that lies close at hand to the one he offers， for surely the correct question is not "what saying directs the heart of goodness in good men" but rather he should ask the ancillary， and more direct question， what is the name of that desire， the directing force of men's wills that causes his saying to bear weight？ Surely that I must do as would be good for any to do Never have I read a book that was so close to the truth while yet so far。 Some obstinate will in kant keeps him from seeing the truth that lies close at hand to the one he offers， for surely the correct question is not "what saying directs the heart of goodness in good men" but rather he should ask the ancillary， and more direct question， what is the name of that desire， the directing force of men's wills that causes his saying to bear weight？ Surely that I must do as would be good for any to do in my place is not wrong， but the will that I might make manifest in doing so is a harder thing to aquire， as sourcing the freedom within me draws me equally to my own good as the good absolutely。 What then is this will behind the law that drives men to be good though their freedom？ There is only one I know that would have me sacrifice my own good for the good more universally， and this is the will to love。 No man will ever attain virtue but through this will， and the love we should have will be closer on to kants ideal of act as the love we hold is closer to the love of all， even be they an enemy。 This common willing to the good of the other is a will behind mens wills， guiding their freedom， if they choose it， and so with only a slight modification kant is found not to be presenting a philosophy of morals， but skirting the theological basis for them。 Surely it is the will of God， flowing through men that is this higher morality he posits， otherwise he only posits what nietzche offers in beyond good and evil: the will to power， a gateway to rampant vice and self worship。 。。。more

Sam ，

"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"— Immanuel Kant "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"— Immanuel Kant 。。。more

V Kosťa B ，

Myšlenky by šly snadněji zformulovat。 Na 18。 století skvěle zpracované。

Islam Beiet ，

سعى كانت في مسيرته الفكرية للكشف عن إجابة لسؤال، هل للعقل في طبيعته القدرة على الوصول للمعرفة دون مرجعية التجربة؟ أي دون الاعتماد على المدخلات المحسوسة في عالم المادة؟ من ذلك رأى كانت أن الأسس الأخلاقية يجب أن تكون مطلقة لا تستمد من تجربة، ولا تتزعزع باستنتاج، فلا يُمنَح العقل الناقص الموسوم بالخطأ فرصةً لافسادها。 فالأخلاق عند كانت مسلمات ومطلقات يقينية كالرياضيات، فطرية كرضيع، ويجب حينها لتلك المطلقات الأخلاقية أن تكون الجوهر المشكل للمنظومة الدينية وليس العكس。 انطلاقًا من تلك الأخلاق الفطرية ل سعى كانت في مسيرته الفكرية للكشف عن إجابة لسؤال، هل للعقل في طبيعته القدرة على الوصول للمعرفة دون مرجعية التجربة؟ أي دون الاعتماد على المدخلات المحسوسة في عالم المادة؟ من ذلك رأى كانت أن الأسس الأخلاقية يجب أن تكون مطلقة لا تستمد من تجربة، ولا تتزعزع باستنتاج، فلا يُمنَح العقل الناقص الموسوم بالخطأ فرصةً لافسادها。 فالأخلاق عند كانت مسلمات ومطلقات يقينية كالرياضيات، فطرية كرضيع، ويجب حينها لتلك المطلقات الأخلاقية أن تكون الجوهر المشكل للمنظومة الدينية وليس العكس。 انطلاقًا من تلك الأخلاق الفطرية لا يكون صلاح العمل رهين نتائجه الحسنة الطيبة وإنما هو توفية لشعور بالواجب، حتى شعور السعادة المترتب على طيب العمل لا ينبغي له أن يحدد معنى الخير، فالخير الوحيد في هذا العالم هو إرادة الخير، إرادة تتبع قانون الأخلاق القَبْلية - أي السابقة على أي تجربة - دون الالتفات إلى العائد من ثوابها، وبالتالي فالأخلاق فوق الجمال وفوق الكمال وفوق السعادة。 أخلاق كانْت غاية في ذاتها والسعادة النابعة منها هي الشعور بالامتثال للواجب。لا شك أن فلسفة كانت أحدثت انقلابًا مفزعًا في عالم الفلسفة لم تقترب منه أي فكرة في القرن الثامن عشر، فقد وضع العقل موضع الاتهام والمحاكمة فأصبحت فلسفته قاعدةً لكل ما جاء بعدها。 ولكن لا مفر من سؤالي، من أين للعقل أن يأتي بتلك الحقائق المطلقة في فلسفته السامية- كما يسميها - التي تفوق التجربة وتعلوها؟ وعلى ذلك فتلك القراءة أعادت إلى ذهني تساؤلاتي عن ماهية الضمير والتي وإن ظلت خامدةً لدهر من الزمن إلا أنها لم تنطفئ تحت رماد الانشغال。 。。。more

Adrian ，

I won't like: it was disappointing。 I value what Kant is trying to do but， to me， his response to the moral question felt underwhelming。 I won't like: it was disappointing。 I value what Kant is trying to do but， to me， his response to the moral question felt underwhelming。 。。。more

Matthew Schreiner ，

I can’t give this less than a three， because the ideologies in this book are foundational to almost any kind of modern thought （whether they’re born out of alliance with or opposition to Kant）。 However， I don’t know if it’s a translation I read or Kant himself， but some of this is unreadable until you sit with it for a while。 That could be considered good or bad depending on what you think philosophical writing should do to the reader， but personally I’m miffed about it and I’m going to be pouty I can’t give this less than a three， because the ideologies in this book are foundational to almost any kind of modern thought （whether they’re born out of alliance with or opposition to Kant）。 However， I don’t know if it’s a translation I read or Kant himself， but some of this is unreadable until you sit with it for a while。 That could be considered good or bad depending on what you think philosophical writing should do to the reader， but personally I’m miffed about it and I’m going to be pouty since Kant can’t do anything about it。 And as the categorical imperative would suggest， you ought not berate me unless you’re feeling up to a bit of berating yourself 😂That’s the end of my whole shpeal- solid stuff Kanty boi 。。。more

Manuel Pinto ，

"A moral， propriamente dita， não é a doutrina que nos ensina como sermos felizes， mas como devemos tornar-nos dignos da felicidade。* "A moral， propriamente dita， não é a doutrina que nos ensina como sermos felizes， mas como devemos tornar-nos dignos da felicidade。* 。。。more

J。R。 Batz ，

So this work was a doozey， I do not think that there is any shame in admitting that Kant was much more intelligent and enlightened than me。 So forgive me if you think my review is lacking in understanding or incomplete in the major premises。 Yet， I'll attempt to describe what I took form the work。First， Kant breaks Philosophy into three categories; Physic， Ethics， and Logic。 This book explores Ethics （or morality）。 Then he states that you can investigate morality by empirical means or strictly t So this work was a doozey， I do not think that there is any shame in admitting that Kant was much more intelligent and enlightened than me。 So forgive me if you think my review is lacking in understanding or incomplete in the major premises。 Yet， I'll attempt to describe what I took form the work。First， Kant breaks Philosophy into three categories; Physic， Ethics， and Logic。 This book explores Ethics （or morality）。 Then he states that you can investigate morality by empirical means or strictly through reason itself （metaphysics）。 He states his investigation is of morality and through means of metaphysics。 As we can see， there is a lot to unpack even before we begin the topic。In my attempt to summarize his premise， Kant states that if a moral law is truly a law， it should be capable of being universal applied despite time， place， culture， or nuance。 The empirical explanations therefore fall short in discovering moral laws （since sensation and experience are required; Hume's work appears to me to be opposite in nature）， only metaphysic investigations can do that。 Kant then describes moral laws that are moral in themselves as being "categorical imperatives" （as oppose to hypothetical imperatives that I'll gloss over for brevity）。If an action is to be considered a categorical imperative， you can test it through reason alone by asking yourself， "Can my action be applied as a universal moral maxim？"， or stated in another way， "If everyone acted the way I am acting now， would the action contradict itself？"For example， if I made a promise to someone but knew I was going to break that promise， but in breaking the promise I would be able to ensure that my family was fed， is what I am doing moral？ Kant says no， because if everyone applied that action universally， and all rational beings could break promises in order to benefit themselves or their families， promises would have no meaning and be useless。 Therefore your action is not a categorical imperative。 I read in another reviewer's summary that a reader could view this as an expanded version of the Christian concept of the "Golden Rule"， which I think is an apt description。One categorical imperative that Kant defines was that rational beings （note he did not necessarily say human being， just any creature capable of reason）， ought to be treated as ends in themselves and not as means to your ends。 Granted， my explanation of this concept may be lacking， but I hope I get the general point across。 This may be one of the best attempts in defining universal morality that has ever yet been conceived。 So hats off to Kant for being such a deep thinker。 Hopefully as I continue down my literature journey I don't find his work as difficult as I did now。 TBD lol 。。。more

Verónica Fleitas Solich ，

How much time do we have to discuss these words？Without a doubt， the analysis of a person and her relationship with her environment （society） and its derivatives in her behavior， is an endless discussion， at least for me。You can call me an idiot but the reality is that I don't entirely agree with Kant's expositions。In any case， that is the good thing about this type of reading， being able to analyze and discuss。Of course I think it demands a second reading。 How much time do we have to discuss these words？Without a doubt， the analysis of a person and her relationship with her environment （society） and its derivatives in her behavior， is an endless discussion， at least for me。You can call me an idiot but the reality is that I don't entirely agree with Kant's expositions。In any case， that is the good thing about this type of reading， being able to analyze and discuss。Of course I think it demands a second reading。 。。。more

Veritas ，

text is too confusing for me to follow and the energy required was not worth it for me

Sofia F ，

achei meigo achei fofo obrigada kant por me dizer que eu tenho valor

Fuad Karimli ，

Although quite short， this was a very difficult book to read。 I guess Kant has a way with constructing convoluted sentences which leaves the reader perplexed。 From what I had read about Kant beforehand I did not find his way of thinking appealing， but I decided it was time to read one of his works。I cannot claim to have fully connected with Kant's philosophy （and the way he writes）， also， as this book is to do with his moral philosophy I wanted to focus on the categorical imperative。Kant's categ Although quite short， this was a very difficult book to read。 I guess Kant has a way with constructing convoluted sentences which leaves the reader perplexed。 From what I had read about Kant beforehand I did not find his way of thinking appealing， but I decided it was time to read one of his works。I cannot claim to have fully connected with Kant's philosophy （and the way he writes）， also， as this book is to do with his moral philosophy I wanted to focus on the categorical imperative。Kant's categorical imperative states that '"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can， at the same time， will that it should become a universal law。" Kant thus states that we should not want to do morally good actions as a means to and end， but rather an end in itself。 So， morally good actions should be done because they are good， and not because of what you may achieve by doing something good， such as getting a reward for finding a lost cat。Another example is that Kant states we should not make lying promises as it is 'evil in itself' and not because lying would ruin our credibility （a result of our lying promises）。 He also tries to rationalise this example with his categorical imperative， stating that if a person chooses to make lying promises and thus wills that it should become a universal law， then no one would believe each other as everyone would be lying， thus the act of making lying promises would not even be possible。 Kant's idealistic view of how the world should be is enviable， and his effect on Western philosophy is undeniable （as I have merely scratched the surface of his moral philosophy）。 However， it's not clear how or why people would follow his moral philosophy。 Kant was a liberal; I do not agree with his idea of human nature and I think this was the main reason I could not connect with his book。 。。。more

James ，

Very difficult but rewarding read。

Valeria Zamora ，

Creo que este libro es ideal para personas que como yo， se quieren acercar a la filosofía。 Explica los temas de moralidad， ética y deber， repetidamente así que si no los agarras al principio， después es más fácil de entender。 Dice que no habla desde la religión pero en varios de sus argumentos se muestran rastros católicos， que se pintan como grandes interpretaciones de nuestra moral。 Fuera de eso， lo disfruté mucho y concuerdo con varios aspectos， como que las buenas acciones no deben de tener Creo que este libro es ideal para personas que como yo， se quieren acercar a la filosofía。 Explica los temas de moralidad， ética y deber， repetidamente así que si no los agarras al principio， después es más fácil de entender。 Dice que no habla desde la religión pero en varios de sus argumentos se muestran rastros católicos， que se pintan como grandes interpretaciones de nuestra moral。 Fuera de eso， lo disfruté mucho y concuerdo con varios aspectos， como que las buenas acciones no deben de tener reconocimiento ya que se hacen porque socialmente es lo correcto， leyes， ética etc。 。。。more

Nathan Crow ，

The longest 97 pages I’ve ever read。 The categorical imperative: “Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law”

Josh Issa ，

Tbh this made Kant much more appealing to me than I expected。 I probably have to re-read it to fully get it but it’s great。

Anna Cauzzo ，

i can strongly affirm， looking up from my throne of ignorance， that i only understood maybe a third of his philosophy。 however i am extremely fascinated by the complexity of his theories and by the fact that a human being， the same living being i also am， came up with such demanding concepts。 how is it possible for a human mind to think beyond every construct？ reading it was so challenging。 i love it。

Madeline ，

I drowned for about 30 pages in these sentences before I started treading water。 May have been a bit of an overreach on my end， starting with Kant when I’ve never read philosophy before， but it was definitely an experience。 Could only read about 10 pages at a time without inducing a headache or forgetting every English word I’ve ever known， and the low rating is mostly for my inability to understand parts of the text well enough to feel as if I’ve grasped them。 I do like his idea of treating peo I drowned for about 30 pages in these sentences before I started treading water。 May have been a bit of an overreach on my end， starting with Kant when I’ve never read philosophy before， but it was definitely an experience。 Could only read about 10 pages at a time without inducing a headache or forgetting every English word I’ve ever known， and the low rating is mostly for my inability to understand parts of the text well enough to feel as if I’ve grasped them。 I do like his idea of treating people as ends in themselves， it provoked some interesting internal dialogue， and I thought the few examples he provided throughout were wonderful， as I was able to make sense of what seemed like （to me， at least） more abstract thought processes。 Like I said， I don’t think my rating is quite fair， but I don’t think I could reasonably give the text itself an accurate rating with my lack of understanding on the topic。 It was nice to read something so challenging though， I had to reread entire pages several times just to grasp the bare bones of it， which was an experience unlike I’ve ever had。 Maybe at some point， when I’m older， braver， and more weathered， I’ll try again。 Or maybe I’ll learn to get over my self-hatred and just chuck it in the trash， who knows。 。。。more

Nicolas ，

Ένα εγχειρίδιο για τους λάτρεις του ωφελιμισμού。 Αντε διαβάστε και τίποτα της προκοπής， ο πολύς ο Στιούαρτ Μιλλ βλάπτει εσάς και τους γύρω σας。

Omar wassif ，

كيف يمكن للإنسان أن يضع لنفسه قانون عقلي خالص يخضع له ولكن في نفس الوقت يحتفظ بحريته وإرادته؟ يشرح كانت ما هو القانون الأخلاقي وكيفية وضعه ولماذا يجب الخضوع له

Iñaki ，

Un breve clásico de filosofía moral。 Eso sí， la ética formal de Kant es impracticable。

bimri ，

Had to read this piece in order to understand why Schopenhauer couldn't shut up about Kant。 I now understand why Schopenhauer had to shut down Kantian fundamentals of morality。 The book by Schopenhauer is "the two fundamental problems of ethics。" Had to read this piece in order to understand why Schopenhauer couldn't shut up about Kant。 I now understand why Schopenhauer had to shut down Kantian fundamentals of morality。 The book by Schopenhauer is "the two fundamental problems of ethics。" 。。。more

Reference

google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft

The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0